The concept of hard and soft acids and bases.
Soft bases: the donor atoms are of relatively low electronegativity and high
polarizability and are easy to oxidize. High polarizability: they hold their valence
electrons loosely.
Hard bases: the donor atoms are of high electronegativity and low polarizability and
are hard to oxidize. They hold their valence electrons tightly.
Soft acids: the acceptor atoms are large, have low positive charge, and contain unshared
pair of electrons (p or d) in their valence shells. They have high polarizability and low
electronegativity.
Hard acids: the acceptor atoms are small, have high positive charge, and do not contain
unshared pair of electrons in their valence shells. They have low polarizability and high
electronegativity.
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